Serum HMGB1 and Beclin 1 Levels in Patients with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia. / Sizofreni Tanili Hastalarda Serum HMGB1 ve Beklin 1 Düzeyleri.

OBJECTIVE: It is known that inflammation plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this study, we examined high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and Beclin 1 levels and their relationship with clinical variables in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: Forty-three patients with schizophrenia and 43 healthy controls were included in this study. The patients were administered sociodemographic data form, the Positive Negative Symptoms Assessment Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale. After the scales were filled, venous blood samples were taken from both the patient and control groups to measure serum HMGB1 and Beclin 1 levels. Serum samples obtained at the end of centrifugation were measured by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: The mean serum HMGB1 levels were significantly increased and the mean serum Beclin 1 levels were significantly decreased in the schizophrenia group compared to the control group. In addition, a negative correlation was found between HMGB1 and Beclin 1 levels. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, current research shows that HMGB1 is increased and Beclin 1 is decreased in patients with schizophrenia, and these findings may contribute to the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Second and fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio in heroin and cannabis addicted patients.

The etiology of addiction has not yet been fully elucidated. The ratio between the length of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D ratio) has been linked with prenatal androgen concentrations, but also with addictive behvaiors. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the differences of 2D:4D ratio of individuals with cannabis and heroin addiction by examining them together with the control group. A total of sixty two male patients (33 opiate use disorder and 29 cannabis use disorder) with substance use disorder and the twenty-nine healthy controls were included in the present investigation. We obtained the lengths of 2D and 4D of the subjects by using sensitive calipers and calculated the 2D:4D. Heroin-addicted patients had lower 2D:4D ratio in in the right hand (significant difference between control group) (p < 0.001), there was no significant difference found between heroin-cannabis (p = 0.242) and control-cannabis 2D:4D ratios (p < 0.06). In the left hand, it was significant between the heroin-control groups (p < 0.037) and the cannabis-control groups (p < 0.023), while it was not significant between the heroin-cannabis groups (p = 1). In conclusion, we suggest that heroin-and cannabis addicted patients seem to have a lower ratio of 2D:4D compared to healthy control subjects. Our findings can be considered promising as to whether prenatal hormonal factors are important in the etiopathogenesis of addiction.

Evaluation of Arterial Stiffness in Depression Patients.

Background: It has been known that there is a significant correlation between depression and cardiovascular diseases. However, the reasons behind this correlation that could affect mortality and morbidity were not fully identified. The present study aimed to analyze arterial stiffness diagnosed with ultrasonography, which could be associated with cardiovascular disease risks in depression patients, and to compare the findings with those of healthy controls. Methods: The study was conducted with 35 depression patients and 35 healthy individuals. Routine complete blood and biochemistry tests were requested for all patients, and their weight and height, waist circumference, and diastolic and systolic arterial blood pressure were measured. Femoral and carotid artery intima-media thickness and other arterial stiffness parameters were determined with Doppler ultrasonography. Results: It was determined that the systolic pressure (P = .028) was higher in the patient group (P = .028). Also, the carotid elastic modulus (P = .048) was significantly higher in the patient group. A negative and significant correlation was determined between femoral compliance and chlorpromazine equivalent dose (P = .021, r = -0.389). Conclusion: It was determined that the systolic blood pressure and carotid elastic modulus arterial stiffness parameters were significantly higher in depression patients. Measurable arterial stiffness parameters should be investigated in depression patients as cardiovascular risk markers. Furthermore, the determination of the effects of psychotropic drugs employed in arterial stiffness treatment could play an important role in the determination of cardiovascular disease risk in these patients.

The Emergence of a Psychotic Disorder With a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Metastasized to the Brain: A Case Report.

It is known that psychotic patients have a reduced ability to evaluate reality and self-care. However, no case has been reported in which a breast lump was misdiagnosed as an insect bite and neglected, and a diagnosis of psychotic disorder led to metastatic breast cancer. A 44-year-old woman diagnosed with invasive breast cancer with brain metastasis became unresponsive with little reaction to verbal communication as a result of successive life-threatening events. After her presentation to the emergency department, she was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer as a result of detailed examinations. The patient, who did not have any psychiatric illness or alcohol or drug addiction in her medical history, was so insensitive to herself and her environment that she could not notice the large mass in her breast and the bad odors coming from her. According to these findings, the patient was suspected to have a psychotic disorder accompanied by substupor, and olanzapine 2.5 mg/day was administered. If the diagnosis of psychotic disorder is not recognized and treated, the highly visible breast lump may be misperceived and cancer treatment may be delayed, thus the cancer may progress. Early recognition and treatment of mental disorders affect the mortality and morbidity of patients.

Evaluation of Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Antisocial Personality Disorder Patients.

Background: Antisocial personality disorder is a frequently studied personality disorder, and its etiopathogenesis is still investigated. Neuroimaging demonstrated that certain regions of the brain could be associated with this disorder, and in the present study, we aimed to investigate the changes in retina, which could be considered an extension of the brain in antisocial personality disorder patients with optical coherence tomography. Methods: The study was conducted with 35 patients and 35 healthy controls. The study data were collected with the Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Barratt Impulsivity Scale-Short Form. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, choroidal thickness, and macular thickness were analyzed based on optical coherence tomography. Results: The Beck Depression Inventory (P = .044), Beck Anxiety Inventory (P = .005), Barratt Impulsivity Scale-motor (P < .001), Barratt Impulsivity Scale-non-planning dimension (P < .001), and Barratt Impulsivity Scale-total scores (P < .001) of the patients were significantly higher when compared to the controls. The superior (P = .013) and inferior retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P < .001) of the patients were significantly lower when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was significantly lower in the patient group when compared to healthy controls, which suggested that it could be associated with the pathophysiology of antisocial personality disorder.

Inflammation Markers in Patients with Bipolar Disorder Who Have Committed Offenses and Their Relationship with Criminal Behavior.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the function of various inflammation parameters and their interactions in the pathology of Bipolar disorder (BD) and to assess whether they could be biomarkers in the relationship between criminal behavior and BD. Materials and Methods: Overall, 1029 participants, including 343 patients with BD who have committed offenses, 343 nonoffending patients with BD, and 343 healthy controls, were included in this retrospective study. Neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet counts; high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels; systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein ratio (NHR), lymphocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (LHR), monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR), platelet to high-density lipoprotein ratio (PHR) were measured. Results: Significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of SII, SIRI, NHR, LHR, MHR, PHR, neutrophil, and monocyte values (p < 0.001). The lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the patients with BD who committed offenses (p = 0.04). The platelet counts were significantly lower in the patients with BD who committed offenses compared to nonoffending patients with BD (p = 0.015). The HDL-c levels were significantly lower in the patients with BD who have committed offenses than those of nonoffending patients with BD (p < 0.001). Bipolar disorder, not receiving active psychiatric treatment, having a diagnosis of bipolar manic episodes, and having low platelet and HDL values constitute a risk of involvement in crime. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the role of systemic inflammation in the pathophysiology of patients with BD with and without criminal offenses and the relationship between inflammation and criminal behavior.

Relationships between Anxiety, Depression, and Illness Perceptions in Lung and Breast Cancer Patients throughout the Cancer Continuum.

Cancer is a devastating disease that has significant psychological and biological impacts. Generally, lung cancer primarily affects men while breast cancer primarily affects women. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the levels of anxiety and depression in patients with these prevalent cancer types, as well as their perceptions of the illness and any potential connections between them. The study included a total of 252 participants, consisting of 110 breast cancer patients, 112 lung cancer patients, and 30 healthy individuals as controls. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to assess mood, while the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) was used to evaluate cancer perceptions. Results revealed that both breast cancer and lung cancer patients had significantly higher BDI and BAI scores compared to the control group. Furthermore, the BDI and BAI scores were lower in breast cancer patients compared to lung cancer patients. The IPQ causal representation-immunity score was significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in breast cancer patients (p = 0.01). Positive correlations were found between BDI scores and BAI scores, as well as between BDI scores and certain subscale scores of the IPQ related to illness representation and causal representation. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between BAI scores and the IPQ illness representation-timeline acute/chronic subscale, while a negative correlation was found between BAI scores and the IPQ causal representation-accident or chance scores. Overall, the study findings demonstrated that breast and lung cancer patients possess negative perceptions of their disease and experience high levels of anxiety and depression. To enhance the quality of life and promote resilience in these patients, it is recommended to incorporate psychological interventions that consider anxiety, depression, and disease perception.

The effect of functional remission and cognitive insight on criminal behavior in patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTiVE: This study was planned to determine the relationship of functional remission with a criminal history and determine its effect on criminal behavior in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 132 patients with schizophrenia (66 with and 66 without a criminal history). Data were collected between November 2020 and April 2021 using a personal information form, the Functional Remission of General Schizophrenia (FROGS), the Taylor Crime Violence Rating Scale, the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to collect data. RESULTS: In terms of all scale variables, there were significant differences between the groups with and without a criminal history (p < 0.05). These differences were mostly clearly observed in the FROGS-social functionality (effect size: 16.79), PANSS-positive (effect size: 2.62) and FROGS-health and treatment (effect size: 2) subscales. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was determined that as the symptoms of the illness increased in schizophrenia, the patients' functional remission and insight decreased, and their tendency to commit crimes increased. Psychiatric nurses can plan therapeutic interventions to increase the functionality and insight levels of patients with schizophrenia.

Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Bipolar Disorder.

Objective: Bipolar disorder (BD) is an inflammatory and metabolic disease. The disease and the drugs used to treat it may affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The aim of this study is to investigate arterial stiffness in patients with BD and compare them with healthy controls. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with BD type I in remission and 39 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Carotid and femoral artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and arterial thickness parameters were measured by Doppler ultrasonography. Results: The elastic modulus value of the carotid artery was significantly higher in the patients than in the control group (p = 0.015). Although the IMT of both carotid and femoral artery was thicker in patients than in healthy control subjects, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.105; p = 0.391). There was a significant positive correlation between chlorpromazine equivalent dose and femoral elastic modulus value (p = 0.021, r = 0.539). There was a positive correlation between lithium equivalent dose and carotid compliance; a significant negative correlation between lithium equivalent dose and carotid elastic modulus was also determined (both p = 0.007, r = 0.466; p = 0.027, r = -0.391, respectively). No predictor was observed between drug dose and arterial stiffness parameters. Conclusion: Arterial stiffness might be investigated for its potential to reduce CVD risk in patients with BD. Given the established CVD complications in this patient population, further studies are needed to determine whether the results are specific to antipsychotic treatment or BD and to clarify the potential arterial protective effects of mood stabilizers.

Personality Characteristics, Anxiety Sensitivity, Anxiety, and Depression Levels on Patients Diagnosed with Psychogenic Pruritus.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the personality traits, anxiety sensitivity (AS), anxiety, and depression levels in patients diagnosed with psychogenic pruritus (PP). Certain personality traits may come to the fore in psychosomatic disorders; these traits are thought to make the person vulnerable to psychosomatic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the personality traits, anxiety sensitivity (AS), anxiety, and depression levels in patients diagnosed with psychogenic pruritus (PP). Methods: Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with PP (patient group) and 21 healthy controls were included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) were administered to all participants. Results: Patients' EPQ scores for the extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, and lie subdimensions and EPQ-total scores were significantly higher than those of the control group (P = .001; P < .001; P < .001; P = .008; P < .001, respectively). The total score of ASI-3 scale and the scores of all subdimensions (physical, cognitive, and social) were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P < .001). The BAI (26.8 ± 9.3) and BDI (24.2 ± 8.6) total scores of the patients were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < .001). Conclusions: According to EPQ, patients diagnosed with PP are extroverted, but also cold, distrustful, and aloof; show impulsive behavior; are anxious, depressed, and nervous; overly emotional; and prone to lying. Patients suffer more from anxiety, depressive symptoms, and AS in physical, cognitive, and social subdimensions than healthy people. Our findings highlight the importance of psychiatric assessment in PP patients. In this context, we believe that PP deserves to be studied in a broad spectrum with its cognitive, behavioral, and social aspects.

Comparison of Non-suicidal Self-Injury and Suicide Attempts in Relation to Anger Rumination.

Background: Angry rumination (AR) defined as thinking about the causes and consequences of anger by focusing on the feelings and experiences of anger can trigger suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury. The purpose of this study was to compare subjects with non-suicidal self-injury and subjects with suicide attempts in relation to anger rumination and also to determine if there is a relationship between anger rumination with non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts, and if so, to determine the direction of this relationship. Methods: In this study, 42 subjects with suicide attempts and 42 subjects with non-suicidal self-injury were included. Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Depression Inventory, and Anger Rumination Scale were applied to all participants, Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire to those with suicide attempts, and Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury to those with non-suicidal self-injury. Results: Those with non-suicidal self-injury group had significantly higher thoughts of revenge (P = .038), angry afterthoughts (P = .047), and a higher total score of Anger Rumination Scale (P = .025) than those with suicide attempts group. The Beck Depression Inventory scores of suicide attempts group were significantly higher than those of non-suicidal self-injury group (P = .001). A positive and significant correlation was found between Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire and Anger Rumination Scale-total score (r = 0.322, P = .037) and Beck Depression Inventory score (r = 0.440, P = .004). Conclusions: Individuals with non-suicidal self-injury have more anger rumination, angry afterthoughts, and revenge-related thoughts following anger experiences than individuals with suicide attempts. As the severity of suicidal behavior of individuals with suicide attempts increases, so does their anger rumination. Our study may shed light on a better understanding of non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts and even contribute to intervention programs for these behaviors.

Suicidal Ideation, Self-esteem, and Hopelessness in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Objective: To investigate the frequency of suicidal ideation and its correlation with other clinical variables in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.Methods: Fifty patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who presented to the cardiology department between 2018 and 2019 and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. A sociodemographic and clinical data form was completed by both the patients and controls, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), and Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) were administered. SPSS version 22 software was used in the statistical analysis.Results: The mean ± SD systolic pulmonary pressure of the patients was 47.48 ± 18.86 and the pulmonary artery pressure was 33.32 ± 19.69. BHS, BDI, and SPS total scores were statistically significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P < .001, P = .001, P = .026, respectively). RSE scores were also higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P = .017).Conclusions: It is important to identify pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with intense feelings of hopelessness and depressive symptoms and to provide psychiatric treatment and psychotherapeutic interventions to improve their self-esteem.

The Correlation Between Perfectionism and Serum Thyroid Hormone Levels in Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Patients.

Objective: Perfectionism is one of the leading clinical symptoms of the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). This research aimed to compare perfectionism and serum thyroid hormone levels between individuals with OCPD and healthy individuals of a control group. Methods: The serum levels of free T4, free T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone of 37 patients diagnosed with OCPD and 36 healthy controls with similar sociodemographic traits were measured. Furthermore, the Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) were applied to all participants in the study. Results: There was a statistically remarkable correlation between the FMPS total score and the T3 level (r = -0.47, P = .004), and between the BAI and the T3 level (r = -0.41, P = .011). Conclusion: The research findings demonstrated that there could be a correlation between perfectionism and thyroid hormone levels.

Analysis of Childhood Traumas and Defense Styles in Patients With Tension Headache.

OBJECTIVE: Studies indicate that patients tend to develop chronic tension headache as a response to stress. The present study investigated the relationship between headache and the events that caused childhood traumas and defense styles, which could be considered as a significant source of stress in individuals with tension headache. METHODS: Fifty patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years diagnosed with tension headache were included in the present study. The control group included 50 healthy participants. All study participants completed a sociodemographic data form prepared by the researchers and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Defense Style Questionnaire. RESULTS: Traumatic experiences (emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and sexual abuse) were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group. The total score of immature and neurotic defense styles was higher in the patient group than in the control group (P < .001, P < .001). The mature defense styles total score was significantly higher in the control group than in the patient group (P = .006). A positive correlation was found between the childhood trauma scores and immature and neurotic defense style scores. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that traumatic experiences during childhood were more frequent in patients with tension headache compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, these individuals had difficulty coping with stress, and inappropriate defense styles were employed as a response to stress.

Insula Volume in Patients Diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and its Relation with Clinical Variables.

INTRODUCTION: Neuroimaging studies performed in recent years on patients with obsessive compulsive disorder have determined anomalies that are possibly associated with the determinant signs and symptoms of the disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphometric changes in insula volume and related parameters in order to understand the etiopathogenesis of obsessive compulsive disorder better. METHOD: Throughout the study, 20 patients eligible for the study criteria, who were diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and receiving inpatient or outpatient treatment after applying to Firat University Hospital Psychiatry Department, and 13 healthy subjects in the control group have been included in the study. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Yale-Brown Obsession Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and SCID-I have been applied to the patients. Volumetric measurements were performed on the insula by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patient and control groups. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed between patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and healthy controls with regard to insula volume. DISCUSSION: It may be stated that insula may be associated with both the pathophysiology and clinical course of the disease. It is suggested that studies considering the imaging methods examining the functional characteristics of this area and tests on cognitive functions together may lead to significant and efficient results.

QT and P-wave dispersion during the manic phase of bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and complications. This increased risk is considered to be associated with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) abnormalities. However, there is little or no documentation of the relationship between this increased risk and the phases of BD. In this study, we aimed to compare the changes in the QT dispersion (QTd) and P-wave dispersion (Pd), which are predictors of sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation, between the patients with manic BD and healthy controls. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The study included a patient group of 44 patients (26 female and 18 male) that were hospitalized due to a diagnosis of manic BD and met the inclusion criteria, and a control group of 34 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals (21 female and 13 male) with no history of psychiatric and neurological disorders. The QTd and Pd values were determined in each participant by performing the standard 12-lead body surface electrocardiography (ECG). RESULTS: The principal electrocardiographic indicators including corrected maximum QT interval, corrected QT dispersion, and minimum P-wave duration significantly increased in the patient group compared to the control group (t=2.815, p<0.01; t=4.935, p<0.001; t=3.337, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results indicated that patients with manic BD are at increased risk for cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Therefore, clinicians should be more careful about ECG changes and related possible cardiac conduction problems such as cardiac arrthythmias in patients with manic BD. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate BD and its phases (depression, mania, and hypomania) with regard to ANS and cardiac abnormalities.

Determination of health anxiety, anxiety, and somatosensory amplification levels in individuals with normal coronary angiography.

The objective of the present study is to determine the somatosensory amplification, anxiety, and depression levels in patients with normal coronary arteries. Thirty-five patients with normal coronary arteries and 35 healthy individuals of similar age and gender as the patient group were included in the study. Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS), Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI-18), Penn State Anxiety Scale (PSWQ), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were applied to all participants. Comparison of the patient group with the control group demonstrated that SSAS (22.7±8.2; 18.5±5.98; p=0.018), BAI (15.4±9.43; 9.4±7.3; p=0.004), BDI (24.9±13.5; 13.7±7.5; p<0.001), PSWQ (55.3±13.7; 33.8±6.7; p<0.001), and HAI-18 (18.8±8.7; 12.3±7.1; p=0.001) scores were statistically significantly higher in the patient group. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between SSAS, BAI, BDI, PSWQ, and HAI-18 scores. It was found that concerns about disease prevailed in patients having normal coronary arteries, the patients continued to amplify their somatic sensations, and their anxiety and depression scores were higher than those of healthy individuals. Thus, the necessity of these interventions should be assessed in detail in the future.

Frequency of anemia in chronic psychiatry patients.

PURPOSE: Anemia could cause psychiatric symptoms such as cognitive function disorders and depression or could deteriorate an existing psychiatric condition when it is untreated. The objective of this study is to scrutinize the frequency of anemia in chronic psychiatric patients and the clinical and sociodemographic factors that could affect this frequency. METHODS: All inpatients in our clinic who satisfied the study criteria and received treatment between April 2014 and April 2015 were included in this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic data for 378 patients included in the study and hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit values observed during their admission to the hospital were recorded in the forms. Male patients with an Hb level of <13 g/dL and nonpregnant female patients with an Hb level of <12 g/dL were considered as anemic. FINDINGS: Axis 1 diagnoses demonstrated that 172 patients had depressive disorder, 51 patients had bipolar disorder, 54 patients had psychotic disorder, 33 patients had conversion disorder, 19 patients had obsessive-compulsive disorder, 25 patients had generalized anxiety disorder, and 24 patients had other psychiatric conditions. It was also determined that 25.4% of the patients suffered from anemia. Thirty-five percent of females and 10% of males were considered as anemic. The frequency of anemia was the highest among psychotic disorder patients (35%), followed by generalized anxiety disorder patients (32%), and obsessive-compulsive disorder patients (26%). Anemia was diagnosed in 22% of depressive disorder patients, 25% of bipolar disorder patients, and 24% of conversion disorder patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia among chronic psychiatry patients is more frequent than the general population. Thus, the study concluded that it would be beneficial to consider the physical symptoms and to conduct the required examinations to determine anemia among this patient group.